12 and 12 researched events on one shared scale. Kodak 1880–present, Taylor Hobson / Cooke 1886–present.
The axis stretches where either maker has research and collapses where neither does, so a year sits opposite the same year on both. Event counts differ because research depth differs, not because one company did less.
George Eastman began commercial dry-plate manufacture in Rochester in 1880 and formed the Eastman Dry Plate Company with Henry Strong on 1 January 1881. The partnership became the Eastman Dry Plate and Film Company in 1884, the Eastman Company in 1889, and Eastman Kodak Company of New York in 1892.
The factory-loaded Kodak camera went on sale in 1888 with film for one hundred circular exposures and a return-to-Rochester processing, printing, and reloading service. The transparent roll film marketed in 1889 and the one-dollar Brownie introduced in 1900 extended Kodak's consumer system.
Kodak opened its first manufacturing plant outside the United States at Harrow, England, in 1891. In Rochester it renamed the former Blair Camera factory Hawk-Eye Works in 1911 and established optical design there in 1912; Kodak's own 1942 lens manual states that the company began making simple-type lenses in 1912 and soon followed with Kodak Anastigmats.
Kodak expanded through Brownie boxes, Folding Pocket and Vest Pocket cameras, Autographic models, Panoram swing-lens cameras, professional and Premo equipment, and many film-number families. Model number, picture size, film number, body construction, lens, and shutter package changed independently and must not be collapsed into one generic Kodak chronology.
Dated in the sources as “1900s-1930s”. Decade wording normalized to its full calendar span for scaling.
History of KODAK Cameras, customer service pamphlet AA-13 · Kodak and Premo Camera Chronology
The 16mm Cine-Kodak camera, projector, and film system appeared in 1923, and Kodak introduced an 8mm amateur motion-picture system in 1932. These systems extended the company's integrated camera-film-processing-projector model beyond still photography.
History of KODAK Cameras, customer service pamphlet AA-13 · Milestones · Kodak and Premo Camera Chronology
Kodak bought the Nagel Camera Company in Stuttgart in 1931. Kodak A.G. introduced the Retina in 1934 and developed folding rangefinders, rigid Retinas, Retinettes, Retina Reflex cameras, and later other German-made equipment. Retina C-series cameras used convertible front components matched to a fixed rear cell, whereas the rigid Retina IIIS used fully interchangeable lenses; these systems are not mutually equivalent.
Dated in the sources as “1931-1960s”. Mixed decade and year wording normalized for scaling.
Milestones · Kodak and Premo Camera Chronology · The Retina Guide
Rochester precision cameras included the Bantam Special, Super Kodak Six-20, Kodak 35 and 35 Rangefinder, Ektra, Medalist and Medalist II, and Signet 35. They span 828, 620, and 135 formats; fixed, unit-focusing, and interchangeable optics; leaf and focal-plane shutters; and different meter or rangefinder arrangements.
Kodak Lenses, Shutters and Portra Lenses, fourth edition · History of KODAK Cameras, customer service pamphlet AA-13 · Milestones · Kodak and Premo Camera Chronology
Kodak documented inner air-glass surface treatment in 1940 and later marketed magnesium-fluoride-coated optics as Lumenized, commonly marked with a circled L. Its 1946 data book renamed Kodak Anastigmat Special as Anastar and Kodak Anastigmat as Anaston while explicitly stating that the renaming did not change the optical formulas. The 1952 data book distinguished Ektar, Anastar, Anaston, Kodar, Kodet, enlarging, projection, and camera-specific families.
Kodak Lenses, Range Finders and Shutters · Kodak Lenses, Shutters and Portra Lenses, fourth edition · Kodak Lens Manual
Kodak introduced the 126 Instamatic system in 1963 and the 110 Pocket Instamatic system in 1972. The film cartridges, body sizes, exposure systems, flash arrangements, and production branches differ, so the Instamatic name cannot stand in for one format or one body platform.
History of KODAK Cameras, customer service pamphlet AA-13 · Milestones
Kodak engineer Steven Sasson built a completely digital camera prototype in 1975. Kodak subsequently developed professional DCS, consumer digital, sensor, printer, and workflow products while chemical film and camera lines contracted. The digital invention belongs to Kodak's technical history but does not make every later Kodak-branded digital camera a Rochester-manufactured product.
Dated in the sources as “1975-2000s”. Mixed decade and year wording normalized for scaling.
Milestones · Photographic Processes Video Series & Glossary - Digital Photography
Eastman Kodak entered Chapter 11 in 2012 and emerged as a reorganized company on 3 September 2013. The restructuring transferred Personalized Imaging and Document Imaging to the Kodak Pension Plan of the U.K. subsidiary; those businesses subsequently formed a separate Kodak Alaris continuity rather than an uninterrupted Eastman Kodak operating division.
Eastman Kodak Company Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025 · Kodak Emerges as Technology Company Focused on Imaging for Business
The current New Jersey Eastman Kodak Company remains headquartered at 343 State Street in Rochester. Its 2025 Form 10-K identifies Print, Advanced Materials and Chemicals, and Brand segments; the company manufactures professional and consumer still film and motion-picture film, while its Brand segment licenses the Kodak name for third-party digital, instant-print, and 35mm cameras and other consumer products.
Brand Licensing · Eastman Kodak Company Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025
William and Thomas Smithies Taylor opened a Leicester lensmaking business in 1886, and William Smithies Hobson joined in 1887. The partnership became Taylor, Taylor & Hobson, combining optical manufacture with an expanding commercial operation before the Cooke license defined its photographic reputation.
Harold Dennis Taylor of T. Cooke & Sons patented the three-element anastigmat in 1893 and arranged for Taylor, Taylor & Hobson to manufacture it in Leicester under the Cooke name. The first photographic lenses followed in 1894, establishing a brand-and-maker relationship that would last more than a century.
Cooke catalogs grew into a system of portrait, general-purpose, high-speed, process, wide-angle, convertible, and telephoto series. Barrels, sunk mounts, shutters, focusing mounts, and matched extension cells let the Leicester works serve hand cameras, reflex bodies, studios, and large commercial plate cameras.
Taylor, Taylor & Hobson Cooke Lenses Sales Brochure 1908-09 · Cooke Compendium · Lenses for Photography Manufactured by Taylor, Taylor & Hobson
War work brought aerial reconnaissance, rangefinder, and military-optical demands. The four-element Aviar answered the need for fast, reliable definition from aircraft and later moved into civilian photography, while the firm's precision manufacturing expanded under conditions that cut Britain off from German optical supply.
Horace W. Lee's Series O Opic combined a six-element double-Gauss-derived design with an f/2 aperture. Alongside Kinic cinematograph lenses and expedition telephotos, it gave Taylor, Taylor & Hobson the optical foundation for sound-era cinema just as the company shortened its name to Taylor Hobson.
A Cooke Book · The History of Panchro (Part 1) · Cooke Compendium · Taylor-Hobson Cooke Lenses Advertisement in the British Journal Almanac
Bell & Howell took control in 1930 and distributed Cooke cine lenses in the United States. Speed Panchros expanded across the focal range needed by 35mm studios, while Lee's inverse-telephoto design provided the long back focus demanded by three-strip Technicolor cameras and helped the Leicester lenses become studio standards.
A Cooke Book · The History of Panchro (Part 1) · Innovating Since 1893 · Taylor Hobson Limited
Rank acquired Taylor Hobson in the mid-1940s, and factory coating became regular practice in 1947. Gordon Cook joined in 1948 and began revising the Speed Panchro line with new glass and larger coverage, carrying prewar designs into a postwar cinema industry moving toward wider screens and higher contrast.
A Cooke Book · The History of Panchro (Part 1) · Taylor Hobson Limited
Series II and III Speed Panchros, Kinetals for 16mm, Telepanchros for long shots, anamorphic research, and purpose-built television zooms broadened Taylor Hobson's reach. Gordon Cook's Varotal III, V, and XIV addressed live broadcast with servo control, long zoom ratios, and increasingly sealed optical mechanics.
A Cooke Book · Cooke Speed Panchro Series II Sales Sheet · Taylor-Hobson Varotal XIV - The Lens That Captured the Win
The 20-100mm Varotal of 1971 established the mechanical pattern for later Cooke cinema zooms. Varokinetal, Super Cine Varotal, Varopanchro, wide-angle Varotal, and Cinetal models served 16mm, Super 16, and 35mm production, while work on S4 primes prepared the lens branch for a new corporate life.
Les Zellan led the purchase of Taylor Hobson's optical division and formed Cooke Optics Limited. The transaction created a new legal company while retaining Leicester personnel, machines, designs, and practical manufacturing knowledge from the historic lens branch; Taylor Hobson continued along its metrology path.
A Cooke Book · COOKE OPTICS LIMITED overview · Taylor Hobson Limited
Cooke Optics Limited remains an active Leicester manufacturer of cinematography lenses. Its present factory belongs to a company incorporated in 1998, yet its workforce, tooling, design archive, and product lineage connect directly to the Taylor Hobson optical division and the Cooke name first placed on Leicester-made lenses in 1894.
A Cooke Book · Tradition of Innovation · COOKE OPTICS LIMITED overview
AMETEK acquired Taylor Hobson in 2004. The Taylor Hobson name now identifies an active precision-metrology manufacturer whose surface and form instruments grew from the measurement problems of lensmaking, rather than the current producer of Cooke-branded photographic and cinematographic lenses.
Read either maker on its own: Kodak · Taylor Hobson / Cooke
